Data & AI, Private Equity, Technology.

Experienced analytics, AI, and technology leader with 13+ years of experience across data science, private equity, management consulting, entrepreneurship, and software engineering. Sharing thoughts on these topics.

Latest writing

Search and Belief-Space Planning

Covers MCTS, UCT, PUCT, belief-space planning, and POMCP for decision-making under uncertainty with a hidden-state maze and tiger problem.

Differentiable Planning

Explains how gradients flow through world-model rollouts, from adjoint backpropagation to action optimization, terminal values, and long-horizon stability.

Sampling-Based Planning and Model Predictive Control

Explains how sampling-based planning and model predictive control turn black-box world models into controllers, using random shooting, CEM.

Pretraining, Post-Training, Scaling, and Adaptation

Explains how world models are pretrained on diverse data, post-trained with preference objectives.

Online, Offline, and Continual Learning

Explains how world models adapt over time through offline, online, and continual learning, covering replay, catastrophic forgetting, and safe drift guardrails.

Data Curation and Synthetic Data

Curation determines what a world model can learn. Examines deduplication, filtering, balancing, synthetic data, mixture weights, and contamination risks.

Michael Brenndoerfer speaking on a panel at Endowus Singapore
Panel discussion · Singapore

About

Making data and AI useful

Speaking with investors and operators about choosing problems worth solving, understanding what the technology can really do, and making it work in practice.

Commercial judgment · Technical depth

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Books

Complex ideas made simple through clear explanations and intuitive visuals

Machine learning and math concepts explained step by step so you can understand how it works, without hours of digging through dense textbooks. Free to read online.

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Machine Learning from Scratch Cover

Machine Learning from Scratch

Read Machine Learning from Scratch online for free. Learn the math, intuition, and Python behind regression, trees, clustering, and neural networks.

Language AI Handbook Cover

Language AI Handbook

Read the Language AI Handbook online for free. Learn classical NLP, transformers, LLM training, fine-tuning, inference, evaluation, safety, and production.

Quantitative Finance Book Cover

Quantitative Finance

Read Quantitative Finance online for free. Learn pricing, portfolios, risk, calibration, backtesting, market microstructure, execution, and production systems.

World Models Handbook cover with a fox studying a miniature world inside a transparent sphere

World Models Handbook

Read the World Models Handbook online for free. Learn latent dynamics, model-based reinforcement learning, planning, physical AI, evaluation, and deployment.

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AI Agent Handbook Cover

AI Agent Handbook

Read the AI Agent Handbook online for free. Learn to build and evaluate agents with reasoning, memory, tools, safety, and observability.

History of Language AI Book Cover

History of Language AI

Trace the history of NLP and language models from information theory and symbolic AI to neural networks, transformers, ChatGPT, and multimodal systems.

Build a GPT from Scratch Cover

Build a GPT from Scratch

Build a small GPT-style language model in PyTorch. Follow each step from embeddings and attention through training, optimization, and text generation.

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Michael Brenndoerfer
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