Linguistic Structure and Meaning
For readers who want the morphology, syntax, semantics, discourse, and dialogue foundations that model-only treatments often omit.
Part of Language AI Handbook. The online chapters are free to read; the PDF edition is yours to keep, with future updates included.
Become a more confident language AI practitioner.
Build the understanding to explain how language models work and make more informed choices about using them. The handbook connects the foundations to the methods behind modern language AI, with explanations you can return to as you learn.
See what you’ll learnWhat you will learn
- Understand Linguistic Form: Morphology and Syntax.
- Understand Semantics and Information Extraction.
- Understand Coreference, Discourse, Pragmatics, and Dialogue.
Who this volume is for
- Engineers, researchers, students, AI enthusiasts, linguists, product managers, and anyone interested in understanding or building modern language AI systems, from foundational NLP to advanced large language models.
Prerequisites: Assumes the text and sequence-labeling concepts in Volumes 1–2.
Volume 3 PDF edition
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Meet the community“Really appreciate the way you have explained the concepts. Simple to understand, yet builds up knowledge exponentially, all while reinforcing it with examples repeatedly. I've read the last two chapters `74.Self-attention & 75.Q,K,V` and I've to admit, my concepts have never been clearer. You really are doing an amazing job breaking down maths and complex concepts like a story!”
“I would like to thank you for your work. Specifically, the chapter: 'LIME Explainability: Complete Guide to Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations' was extremely helpful for me in understanding LIME and communicating to colleagues. Your work is inspiring and valuable. Thank you for doing it.”
“I am enjoying reading your writings. I appreciate the effort you put into it. I want to drop a note of thanks. Thank you!”
“Your writing feels like a treasure trove of great material. So, thank you for compiling everything on your website!”
“I found your book Language AI Handbook's explanations of Transformer architectures and production deployment strategies to be exceptionally clear and insightful”
“Thanks so much for establishing such an amazing community. I appreciate the opportunity to be a learner and a contributor to the community.”
“Thank you Michael. It's top!”
“I came across your collection of online handbooks covering quantitative finance, AI, and machine learning. I wanted to reach out and thank you for making such high-quality material openly available. They are incredibly helpful for my CFA Level II review and for brushing up ahead of ML interviews.”
“I came across one of your books, Language AI Handbook, and man, I'm loving it. I've read many books but have never found such a comprehensive book on large models that covers everything from start to finish with such depth.”
“I just came across your website where your books are available for free to read. Thank you so much for making this available to the public. This will help a lot of people.”
“Thanks for putting cool stuff out into the world.”
“I read a few of your blogs on NLP and oh WOW, they really are something, now I exactly know how all of the terms Entropy, Cross-entropy and how it is connected to Perplexity, will definitely read more of your blogs.”
Read all 12 reader reviews
“I would like to thank you for your work. Specifically, the chapter: 'LIME Explainability: Complete Guide to Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations' was extremely helpful for me in understanding LIME and communicating to colleagues. Your work is inspiring and valuable. Thank you for doing it.”
“Really appreciate the way you have explained the concepts. Simple to understand, yet builds up knowledge exponentially, all while reinforcing it with examples repeatedly. I've read the last two chapters `74.Self-attention & 75.Q,K,V` and I've to admit, my concepts have never been clearer. You really are doing an amazing job breaking down maths and complex concepts like a story!”
“Thanks so much for establishing such an amazing community. I appreciate the opportunity to be a learner and a contributor to the community.”
“I just came across your website where your books are available for free to read. Thank you so much for making this available to the public. This will help a lot of people.”
“I am enjoying reading your writings. I appreciate the effort you put into it. I want to drop a note of thanks. Thank you!”
“Thank you Michael. It's top!”
“Thanks for putting cool stuff out into the world.”
“I found your book Language AI Handbook's explanations of Transformer architectures and production deployment strategies to be exceptionally clear and insightful”
“Your writing feels like a treasure trove of great material. So, thank you for compiling everything on your website!”
“I came across your collection of online handbooks covering quantitative finance, AI, and machine learning. I wanted to reach out and thank you for making such high-quality material openly available. They are incredibly helpful for my CFA Level II review and for brushing up ahead of ML interviews.”
“I read a few of your blogs on NLP and oh WOW, they really are something, now I exactly know how all of the terms Entropy, Cross-entropy and how it is connected to Perplexity, will definitely read more of your blogs.”
“I came across one of your books, Language AI Handbook, and man, I'm loving it. I've read many books but have never found such a comprehensive book on large models that covers everything from start to finish with such depth.”
Exact contents
2 chapters available now
Every linked chapter is free to read online. 15 further chapters are planned; unlinked titles are still in progress.
Part VII: Linguistic Form: Morphology and Syntax
- 01Morphology and Word Formation
Morphemes, inflection, derivation, compounding, and why word structure matters for language models.
- 02Morphological Analysis and Generation
Finite-state and neural approaches to analyzing and generating morphologically rich language.
- 03Grammars and Constituency Structure · In progress
Context-free grammars, phrase structure, constituency trees, and the limits of symbolic grammars.
- 04Dependency Syntax and Universal Dependencies · In progress
Head-dependent relations, dependency trees, projectivity, and cross-lingual annotation with Universal Dependencies.
- 05Constituency and Dependency Parsing · In progress
Transition-based, graph-based, chart, and neural parsing methods with their decoding trade-offs.
- 06Structured Prediction and Parsing Evaluation · In progress
Dynamic programming, constrained decoding, labeled attachment, span scores, and meaningful parser error analysis.
Part VIII: Semantics and Information Extraction
- 01Lexical Semantics and Word Senses · In progress
Polysemy, synonymy, lexical resources, contextual word senses, and word-sense disambiguation.
- 02Sentence Meaning and Natural Language Inference · In progress
Compositional meaning, entailment, contradiction, presupposition, and robust NLI evaluation.
- 03Semantic Roles and Argument Structure · In progress
Predicates, arguments, thematic roles, frame semantics, and semantic role labeling.
- 04Relation, Event, and Temporal Extraction · In progress
Extracting relations, events, arguments, and timelines from documents rather than isolated sentences.
- 05Entity Linking and Knowledge Graph Construction · In progress
Linking mentions to entities, resolving ambiguity, and building provenance-aware knowledge graphs.
- 06Semantic Parsing and Meaning Representations · In progress
Logical forms, AMR, text-to-SQL, executable meaning representations, and constrained generation.
Part IX: Coreference, Discourse, Pragmatics, and Dialogue
- 01Coreference Resolution · In progress
Mention detection, entity clusters, pronoun resolution, long-document coreference, and evaluation.
- 02Discourse Relations and Coherence · In progress
Discourse structure, rhetorical relations, coherence modeling, and long-form generation failures.
- 03Pragmatics, Implicature, and Presupposition · In progress
Speaker intent, common ground, deixis, implicature, and what literal next-token prediction misses.
- 04Dialogue Acts and Conversation Structure · In progress
Turn-taking, grounding, repair, dialogue acts, state tracking, and multi-party conversation.
- 05Argumentation, Stance, and Persuasion · In progress
Claims, evidence, stance, argument structure, persuasion, and responsible evaluation.
Choose the edition that fits your next step
Volume 3: Linguistic Structure and Meaning
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Get all-volume accessExplore the other volumes
Volume 1 · 570 pages
Language Data and Classical NLP
Text as Data · Classical Text Representations · Distributional Semantics
Volume 2 · 790 pages
Embeddings, Tokenization, and Sequence Labeling
Word Embeddings · Subword Tokenization · Sequence Labeling
Volume 4 · 920 pages
Neural NLP and Sequence Models
Neural Network Foundations · Recurrent Neural Networks · Sequence-to-Sequence
Volume 5 · 860 pages
Transformers from First Principles
Self-Attention · Positional Encoding · Transformer Blocks · Transformer Architectures
Volume 6 · 510 pages
Efficient, Long-Context, and Alternative Architectures
Efficient Attention · Long Context
Volume 7 · 760 pages
Pre-training Data and Scaling
Data Curation · Pre-training Objectives · Scaling Laws
Volume 8 · 440 pages
Encoder, Multilingual, and Translation Models
BERT and Variants · Encoder-Decoder Models
Volume 9 · 730 pages
Decoder Language Models and Capabilities
GPT Architecture · Modern Decoder Models · Emergent Capabilities
Volume 10 · 920 pages
Large-Scale Training and Sparse Models
Training Infrastructure · Training Optimization · Mixture of Experts
Volume 11 · 730 pages
Fine-tuning and Efficient Adaptation
Fine-tuning Fundamentals · Parameter-Efficient Fine-tuning · Instruction Tuning
Volume 12 · 510 pages
Alignment, Preferences, and Oversight
Alignment and RLHF
Volume 13 · 220 pages
Reasoning and Verifiable Learning
Reasoning
Volume 14 · 640 pages
Efficient Inference and On-Device Models
Model Compression · Inference Optimization
Volume 15 · 600 pages
Retrieval, Knowledge, and Memory
Retrieval-Augmented Generation · Continual Learning
Volume 16 · 510 pages
Agents and AI Coding Systems
Code Generation · Tool Use and Agents
Volume 17 · 540 pages
Speech, Multimodal, and Embodied Language
Multimodal Models · Speech and Audio
Volume 18 · 950 pages
Evaluation, Factuality, and Reliability
Evaluation Fundamentals · Benchmark Evaluation · Human and Model Evaluation · Hallucination and Factuality
Volume 19 · 760 pages
Responsible, Secure, and Interpretable Language AI
Bias and Fairness · Interpretability · Safety and Security
Volume 20 · 510 pages
Applications, Production, and Compound AI Systems
LLM Applications · Production Systems
Author and edition details
About the author and this edition
Michael Brenndoerfer
Michael has spent more than a decade working across software engineering, data, AI, and business. He writes to understand difficult ideas more deeply and to share what he learns in a clear, practical way.
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Library access includes every future volume and update. When a volume changes, its updated PDF appears in My books at no extra cost.
Current release
Edition 2026.08.0
Initial volume-library release with 19 written PDFs, a Volume 3 placeholder, and no combined edition.