Software Engineering

Insights on software development, engineering practices, architecture patterns, and the craft of building robust, scalable systems.

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Michael Brenndoerfer
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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningMachine Learning from Scratch

Generalized Linear Models: Math & Python

Apr 1, 2025·55 min read

Generalized linear models combine link functions with probability distributions. Covers logistic and Poisson regression, maximum likelihood, and Python.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningLanguage AI Handbook

Term Frequency: Weighting Schemes for Text Analysis

Mar 30, 2025·46 min read

Examines raw, log-scaled, boolean, augmented, and L2-normalized term frequency variants, with sparsity analysis and efficient computation using scikit-learn.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningLanguage AI Handbook

Perplexity: The Standard Language Model Metric

Mar 26, 2025·63 min read

Explains how perplexity measures language model quality through cross-entropy and information theory.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningLanguage AI Handbook

N-gram Language Models: Probability and Text Generation

Mar 23, 2025·58 min read

Explains how n-gram language models assign probabilities to word sequences using the chain rule, Markov assumption, and MLE.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningLanguage AI Handbook

Smoothing Techniques for N-gram LLMs: Laplace to Kneser-Ney

Mar 22, 2025·56 min read

Covers smoothing techniques that solve the zero probability problem in n-gram models, from simple add-k smoothing through Good-Turing estimation to Kneser-Ney.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningLanguage AI Handbook

Regular Expressions for NLP: Pattern Matching in Python

Mar 16, 2025·56 min read

Covers regular expressions for text processing, covering metacharacters, quantifiers, lookarounds, and practical NLP patterns.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningHistory of Language AI

ChatGPT: Conversational AI Becomes Mainstream

Feb 23, 2025·7 min read

Covers OpenAI's ChatGPT release in 2022, including the conversational interface, RLHF training approach, safety measures.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningLanguage AI Handbook

Mixtral 8x7B: Sparse Mixture of Experts Architecture

Nov 23, 2024·77 min read

Examines Mixtral 8x7B's sparse architecture and top-2 expert routing. Explains how MoE models match Llama 2 70B quality.

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Community

Learn with the community

Create a free account to keep your reading organized, join thoughtful discussions, and get more from every chapter.

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  • Ask questions and take part in discussions
  • Read with fewer interruptions

Free to join · Takes less than a minute

Why

I created this space so readers can learn together, ask questions, and make sense of difficult ideas.

Michael Brenndoerfer
From readers1 / 12