Machine Learning

Articles about traditional machine learning, optimization, bayesian methods, and other machine learning topics.

712 items · Page 9 of 15

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Michael Brenndoerfer
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AI Agent HandbookMachine LearningSoftware EngineeringData, Analytics & AI

Deploying Your AI Agent

Aug 18, 2025·11 min read

Deploy your AI agent from a local script to a production service. Topics include packaging, cloud deployment, APIs, and making your agent accessible to users.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningMachine Learning from Scratch

HDBSCAN Clustering: Hierarchical Density-Based Clustering

Aug 17, 2025·37 min read

Covers HDBSCAN clustering algorithm covering density-based clustering, automatic cluster selection, noise detection.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningHistory of Language AI

BIG-bench and MMLU: Evaluation Benchmarks for LLMs

Aug 16, 2025·17 min read

Covers BIG-bench (Beyond the Imitation Game Benchmark) and MMLU (Massive Multitask Language Understanding), the widely used evaluation benchmarks.

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AI Agent HandbookMachine LearningData, Analytics & AI

Ethical Guidelines and Human Oversight

Aug 16, 2025·23 min read

Establish ethical guidelines and implement human oversight for AI agents. Topics include defining core principles, encoding ethics in system prompts.

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Language AI HandbookMachine Learning

T5 Pre-training: Span Corruption & Denoising Objectives

Aug 15, 2025·38 min read

Explains how T5 uses span corruption for pre-training. Topics include sentinel tokens, geometric span sampling, the C4 corpus.

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Language AI HandbookMachine LearningData, Analytics & AI

T5 Architecture and Text-to-Text Transfer Learning

Aug 14, 2025·51 min read

Covers T5's encoder-decoder architecture, relative position biases, span corruption pretraining, and text-to-text framework for unified NLP tasks.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningMachine Learning from Scratch

Hierarchical Clustering: Dendrograms, Linkage Criteria

Aug 14, 2025·51 min read

Covers hierarchical clustering, including dendrograms, linkage criteria (single, complete, average, Ward), and scikit-learn implementation.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningHistory of Language AI

Function Calling and Tool Use

Aug 14, 2025·16 min read

Covers function calling capabilities in language models from 2023, including structured outputs, tool interaction, API integration.

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AI Agent HandbookMachine LearningSoftware Engineering

AI Agent Permissions: Least Privilege and Sandboxing

Aug 14, 2025·16 min read

Control AI agent actions with least-privilege permissions, confirmation steps, and sandboxing. Covers tool allowlists, sensitive operations, and safe defaults.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningHistory of Language AI

QLoRA: Efficient Fine-Tuning of Quantized Language Models

Aug 12, 2025·13 min read

QLoRA combines 4-bit quantization with low-rank adapters to fine-tune large language models on limited hardware while preserving model quality.

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AI Agent HandbookMachine LearningData, Analytics & AISoftware Engineering

Content Safety and Moderation

Aug 12, 2025·20 min read

Implement content safety and moderation in AI agents, including system-level instructions, output filtering, pattern blocking, graceful refusals.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningMachine Learning from Scratch

SARIMA: Seasonal Time Series Forecasting with Implementation

Aug 11, 2025·35 min read

Covers SARIMA (Seasonal AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) for forecasting time series with seasonal patterns.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningHistory of Language AI

Whisper: Large-Scale Multilingual Speech Recognition

Aug 10, 2025·6 min read

Whisper applies encoder-decoder transformers to multilingual speech recognition, translation, and language identification across noisy audio conditions.

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AI Agent HandbookMachine LearningSoftware Engineering

Refining AI Agents Using Observability

Aug 10, 2025·14 min read

Use observability for continuous agent improvement. Topics include patterns in logs, turn observations into targeted improvements, track quantitative metrics.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningMachine Learning from Scratch

Exponential Smoothing (ETS)

Aug 8, 2025·61 min read

Covers exponential smoothing for time series forecasting, including simple, double (Holt's), and triple (Holt-Winters) methods.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningHistory of Language AI

Flamingo: Few-Shot Vision-Language Learning

Aug 8, 2025·15 min read

Flamingo connects frozen vision and language models through gated cross-attention, supporting few-shot image and video tasks without task-specific fine-tuning.

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AI Agent HandbookMachine LearningSoftware Engineering

Debugging AI Agent Behavior

Aug 8, 2025·13 min read

Read agent logs, trace reasoning chains, identify common problems, and systematically debug AI agents.

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Data, Analytics & AILanguage AI HandbookMachine Learning

LLaMA Architecture: Design Philosophy and Training

Aug 6, 2025·50 min read

Covers LLaMA's architectural choices including RMSNorm, SwiGLU, and RoPE, plus training data strategies.

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History of Language AIMachine LearningData, Analytics & AI

PaLM: Pathways LLM: Large-Scale Training, Reasoning

Aug 6, 2025·7 min read

Covers Google's PaLM, the 540 billion parameter language model that demonstrated advance capabilities in complex reasoning, multilingual understanding.

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AI Agent HandbookMachine LearningSoftware Engineering

Adding Logs to AI Agents: Observability & Debugging

Aug 6, 2025·10 min read

Add logging to AI agents to debug behavior, track decisions, and monitor tool usage. Includes practical Python examples.

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Data, Analytics & AILanguage AI HandbookMachine Learning

Qwen Architecture: Alibaba's Multilingual LLM Design

Aug 5, 2025·49 min read

Examines Qwen's architectural innovations including GQA, SwiGLU activation, and multilingual tokenization.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningLanguage AI Handbook

Unigram LLM Tokenization: EM Training

Aug 5, 2025·55 min read

Explains how the unigram LM tokenizer trains via the EM algorithm, uses Viterbi decoding for segmentation, and enables subword regularization.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningMachine Learning from Scratch

Prophet Time Series Forecasting: Trend, Seasonality

Aug 5, 2025·43 min read

Covers Prophet time series forecasting including additive decomposition, trend modeling, seasonal patterns, and holiday effects.

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Data, Analytics & AILanguage AI HandbookMachine Learning

Mistral Architecture: Sliding Window Attention

Aug 4, 2025·48 min read

Examines Mistral 7B's architectural innovations including sliding window attention, grouped query attention, and rolling buffer KV cache.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningHistory of Language AI

HELM: Holistic Evaluation of Language Models Framework

Aug 4, 2025·15 min read

Covers HELM (Holistic Evaluation of Language Models), the early evaluation framework.

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AI Agent HandbookMachine LearningSoftware Engineering

Continuous Feedback and Improvement

Aug 4, 2025·17 min read

Create feedback loops that continuously improve your AI agent through real-world usage data, pattern analysis, and targeted improvements.

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Data, Analytics & AILanguage AI HandbookMachine Learning

Grouped Query Attention: Memory-Efficient LLM Inference

Aug 3, 2025·39 min read

Covers GQA, the attention mechanism behind LLaMA 2 and Mistral. Topics include KV head sharing, memory savings, implementation, and quality tradeoffs.

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Data, Analytics & AILanguage AI HandbookMachine Learning

Multi-Query Attention: Memory-Efficient LLM Inference

Aug 2, 2025·39 min read

Explains how Multi-Query Attention reduces KV cache memory by sharing keys and values across attention heads, enabling efficient long-context inference.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningLanguage AI Handbook

The Vocabulary Problem

Aug 2, 2025·48 min read

Explains why traditional word-level approaches fail with diverse text, from OOV words to morphological complexity.

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Data, Analytics & AIMachine LearningMachine Learning from Scratchunsupervised-learning

K-means Clustering: Algorithm

Aug 2, 2025·91 min read

Covers K-means clustering from mathematical foundations to practical implementation. Topics include the algorithm, initialization strategies.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningHistory of Language AI

Multi-Vector Retrievers

Aug 2, 2025·16 min read

Covers multi-vector retrieval systems introduced in 2021. Explains how token-level contextualized embeddings enabled fine-grained matching.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningAI Agent Handbook

Testing AI Agents with Examples

Aug 2, 2025·14 min read

Create and use test cases to evaluate AI agent performance. Build broad test suites, track results over time.

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Data, Analytics & AILanguage AI HandbookMachine Learning

Phi Models: How Data Quality Beats Model Scale

Aug 1, 2025·42 min read

Examines Microsoft's Phi model family and how textbook-quality training data enables small models to match larger competitors.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningLanguage AI Handbook

WordPiece: BERT's Subword Tokenization Algorithm Explained

Aug 1, 2025·48 min read

Explains how WordPiece differs from BPE by using a likelihood objective for merges. Topics include the PMI score, greedy tokenization, ## prefix notation.

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Data, Analytics & AIMachine LearningLanguage AI Handbook

LLaMA Components: RMSNorm, SwiGLU, and RoPE

Jul 31, 2025·42 min read

Examines LLaMA's core architectural components: pre-norm with RMSNorm for stable training, SwiGLU feed-forward networks for expressive computation.

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Data, Analytics & AISoftware EngineeringMachine LearningHistory of Language AI

Chain-of-Thought Prompting

Jul 31, 2025·14 min read

Chain-of-thought prompting elicits intermediate reasoning steps from language models. Covers zero-shot and few-shot methods, benefits, and limits.

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AI Agent HandbookMachine LearningData, Analytics & AISoftware Engineering

Setting Goals and Success Criteria

Jul 31, 2025·12 min read

Define clear, measurable success criteria for AI agents including correctness, reliability, efficiency, safety.

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Data, Analytics & AILanguage AI HandbookMachine Learning

Repetition Penalties: Preventing Loops in LLM Generation

Jul 30, 2025·56 min read

Repetition, frequency, and presence penalties alter token probabilities to reduce loops. Covers n-gram blocking, tuning, and effects on generated text.

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Data, Analytics & AIMachine LearningMachine Learning from Scratch

t-SNE: Dimensionality Reduction & High-Dimensional Data

Jul 30, 2025·37 min read

Covers t-SNE (t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding), including mathematical foundations, probability distributions, KL divergence optimization.

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Data, Analytics & AILanguage AI HandbookMachine Learning

Constrained Decoding

Jul 29, 2025·41 min read

Constrained decoding uses token masks and grammars to produce valid JSON, SQL, and regular-expression matches from language models.

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Data, Analytics & AIMachine LearningLLM and GenAIHistory of Language AI

Foundation Models Report: Defining a New Paradigm in AI

Jul 29, 2025·17 min read

Covers the 2021 Foundation Models Report published by Stanford's CRFM. Explains how this influential report formally defined foundation models.

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AI Agent HandbookMachine LearningSoftware Engineering

Benefits and Challenges of Multi-Agent Systems

Jul 29, 2025·24 min read

Examines the trade-offs of multi-agent AI systems, from specialization and parallel processing to coordination challenges and complexity management.

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Data, Analytics & AILanguage AI HandbookMachine Learning

Autoregressive Generation: How GPT Produces Text

Jul 28, 2025·77 min read

Covers mechanics of autoregressive generation in transformers, including the generation loop, KV caching for efficiency, stopping criteria.

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Data, Analytics & AILanguage AI HandbookMachine Learning

Nucleus Sampling: Adaptive Top-p Text Generation for LLMs

Jul 27, 2025·42 min read

Explains how nucleus sampling dynamically selects tokens based on cumulative probability, solving top-k limitations for coherent and creative text generation.

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Data, Analytics & AIMachine LearningMachine Learning from Scratch

LIME Explainability: Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic

Jul 27, 2025·31 min read

Covers LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations), including mathematical foundations, implementation strategies.

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History of Language AIMachine LearningData, Analytics & AI

Mixture of Experts: Sparse Activation for Scaling LLMs

Jul 27, 2025·16 min read

Covers Mixture of Experts (MoE) architectures, including routing mechanisms, load balancing, emergent specialization.

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AI Agent HandbookMachine LearningSoftware Engineering

Communication Between Agents: Message Formats, Protocols

Jul 27, 2025·20 min read

Explains how AI agents exchange information and coordinate actions through structured messages, communication patterns like pub-sub and request-response.

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Data, Analytics & AIMachine LearningLanguage AI Handbook

Top-k Sampling: Controlling Language Model Text Generation

Jul 26, 2025·52 min read

Top-k sampling limits each generation step to the k most probable tokens. Covers probability renormalization, diversity, failure modes, and tuning.

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Community

Learn with the community

Create a free account to keep your reading organized, join thoughtful discussions, and get more from every chapter.

  • Keep your place across books and articles
  • Ask questions and take part in discussions
  • Read with fewer interruptions

Free to join · Takes less than a minute

Why

I created this space so readers can learn together, ask questions, and make sense of difficult ideas.

Michael Brenndoerfer
From readers1 / 12